Archives 2023

Inclusive Leadership: 9 Effective Ways to Elevate Women in Your Team

November 23, 2023

In my role as a male department chair at Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy with predominantly female faculty, I have witnessed the additional hurdles women face in the professional realm. This perspective is bolstered by comprehensive studies, including those from the University of Pittsburgh Experimental Economics Laboratory, which reveal a stark disparity: only seventy-two women are promoted to managerial roles for every one hundred men. This gap is further accentuated when considering that women make up only 7.6% of Fortune 500 CEOs and 21% of C-suite executives.

The crux of this issue lies in the concept of non-promotable tasks (NPTs). These are tasks crucial to an organization’s functioning but often do not contribute to career progression. Research indicates that women, particularly in academia and other sectors, are more likely to take on these NPTs. This trend is concerning as it not only affects women’s career trajectories but also undervalues their skills and potential within the organization. The issue is compounded for women of color, who face even greater challenges in this regard.

Addressing this imbalance requires a conscious effort to understand the dynamics of task allocation and to challenge the ingrained biases and practices within our organizations. As a leader, I recognize the need to advocate for equitable distribution of promotable tasks and to ensure that women’s contributions are valued and recognized. By sharing these findings and experiences, I aim to foster a more inclusive and supportive environment for all our faculty members, ensuring that their paths to success are as unencumbered and equitable as their male counterparts. The following nine rules are essential in creating a work environment that not only acknowledges but actively champions gender equity.

1. Call Her by Her Name

The importance of a name in professional interactions cannot be overstated. It is a core part of our identity, and correctly using a person’s name is the most basic form of respect in any interaction. This rule goes beyond mere correctness; it is about actively listening and making the effort to pronounce and spell names accurately. Creating a policy that focuses on this aspect conveys respect and recognition for each team member. It involves discouraging the use of terms of endearment, such as “sweetheart” or “honey,” which can be perceived as patronizing and detract from a professional atmosphere. This practice is more than just avoiding errors; it is a demonstration of active engagement and respect for every individual on the team.

2. Be Someone She Can Relate To

Building relatable connections with team members transcends gender barriers and is essential for a supportive work environment. Utilizing personality assessments like DiSC can aid in understanding and appreciating the diverse communication styles within a team. More than that, it’s about opening up and sharing personal experiences and interests to find common ground. This strategy enables managers to adapt their leadership style to each team member’s unique needs, fostering a positive and supportive work atmosphere. It’s about recognizing that relatability isn’t constrained by gender differences; it’s nurtured through shared experiences, authenticity, and mutual understanding.

3. Don’t Ask, “What Does Your Husband Do?”

Questions about personal life, especially regarding marital status, can inadvertently perpetuate gender stereotypes and biases. Standardizing recruitment and management processes to focus on professional qualifications and experiences is crucial in ensuring fair and unbiased treatment. This means not allowing an employee’s life events, such as marriage or parenthood, to alter perceptions of her commitment and capabilities. It’s about focusing on her skills, achievements, and potential, rather than on assumptions based on her personal life. This rule emphasizes the importance of respecting personal boundaries and evaluating individuals based solely on their professional merits.

4. Don’t Sit in Her Chair

Recognizing and accommodating the unique needs and challenges that women face in the workplace can significantly impact their sense of belonging and value. This rule is about being mindful of personal spaces and belongings, especially for those returning from maternity leave. Ensuring that their workspace is respected and their reintegration is smooth and thoughtful shows consideration and appreciation for their role in the organization. This rule extends beyond physical space; it’s about acknowledging and supporting the whole person, including their life outside of work.

5. Watch the Clock

Managing time and respecting personal boundaries are crucial in the modern workplace. Implementing policies that allow for flexible working hours demonstrates an understanding of the various responsibilities employees may have outside of work. This includes punctually starting and ending meetings, avoiding scheduling meetings outside standard working hours, and fostering a culture that values work-life balance. Such policies reflect an understanding that productivity is not just about the hours logged but also about the well-being of team members.

6. Speak Up So She Doesn’t Have To

Active advocacy for women in meetings and discussions is essential. This involves ensuring equitable representation and immediately addressing any inappropriate behavior or comments. Creating a work culture where everyone feels comfortable and respected when expressing their opinions and ideas is vital. This rule is not merely about conflict avoidance; it’s about actively nurturing an inclusive environment where diverse voices are heard and valued.

7. Don’t Make Her Ask Twice

Transparency and equity in negotiations and requests are critical. Prompt and clear responses to all requests, and avoiding gender biases in negotiations, are key practices. This also involves being proactive in offering competitive compensation and growth opportunities. It’s about ensuring that women, like their male counterparts, receive fair and respectful treatment in all professional interactions, particularly regarding compensation and career advancement.

8. Be an Equal Opportunity Asshole

Equality in the workplace means applying the same standards and expectations to everyone. Providing constructive criticism and challenges as part of professional growth, regardless of gender, fosters a culture of feedback and opportunity. This rule is not about harshness but about ensuring that all employees, including women, are given equal opportunities to demonstrate their abilities and grow professionally.

9. Tell Her That You See Her Potential

Recognizing and communicating a team member’s potential is a powerful motivator. Pairing promotions with executive coaching supports development and growth. It’s important to provide genuine compliments focused on skills and encourage women to take risks and apply for higher roles. This rule is about ensuring women are aware of their value and potential within the organization and encouraging them to aspire to higher achievements.

Creating a workplace where women feel supported, valued, and empowered requires deliberate action and commitment from leaders. Implementing these nine rules can significantly contribute to bridging the gender gap and fostering an environment of equity and growth. This endeavor extends beyond meeting diversity quotas; it’s about genuinely recognizing and nurturing the talents and contributions of all team members. As we strive for more inclusive workplaces, we must remember that these efforts benefit not only women but the entire organization by creating a more dynamic, respectful, and innovative work culture.

For more information see:

  1. The Good Boss: 9 Ways Every Manager Can Support Women at Work (2021)
  2. The No Club: Putting a Stop to Women’s Dead-End Work (2022)

Alireza FakhriRavari, PharmD, BCPS, BCIDP, AAHIVP is an Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases at Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy.

Maximizing the Benefits of AI in Education: Insights from the U.S. Department of Education

June 6, 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming many aspects of our lives, from healthcare to transportation to entertainment. But what about education? How can AI be used to enhance teaching and learning, and what are the potential risks and benefits?

These are some of the questions addressed in a recent report from the U.S. Department of Education titled “Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning“. The report provides an overview of how AI is being used in education today, as well as recommendations for how educators, policymakers, and technology providers can work together to maximize its benefits.

One potential benefit of AI in education is personalized learning experiences. By analyzing data on student performance and behavior, AI systems can provide tailored recommendations for each student’s individual needs. This could help students learn more efficiently and effectively, while also freeing up teachers’ time to focus on other tasks.

Another potential benefit is improved student outcomes. By providing real-time feedback on student progress, AI systems can help identify areas where students need additional support or challenge. This could lead to better academic performance overall, as well as increased engagement and motivation among students.

However, there are also concerns about the use of AI in education. One major concern is data privacy – if sensitive information about students is being collected by AI systems, it must be protected from unauthorized access or misuse. Another concern is bias in algorithms – if an AI system is trained on biased data or programmed with biased assumptions, it could perpetuate existing inequalities or stereotypes.

To address these concerns and maximize the benefits of AI in education, the report recommends a collaborative approach that involves all stakeholders working together to develop policies and practices that prioritize equity, transparency, and accountability. For example:

  • Policymakers should invest in research on AI in education to better understand its potential impact.
  • Educators should receive professional development opportunities to learn about AI and how to use it effectively.
  • Technology providers should develop ethical guidelines for the use of AI in education, and ensure that their products are designed with equity and inclusion in mind.
  • All stakeholders should work together to ensure that students have access to high-quality learning experiences regardless of their background or socioeconomic status.

Overall, the report emphasizes that while AI has great potential to transform teaching and learning, it must be implemented thoughtfully and with a focus on equity and inclusion. By working together, educators, policymakers, and technology providers can help ensure that AI is used in ways that benefit all students.

Source: https://www2.ed.gov/documents/ai-report/ai-report.pdf

Alireza FakhriRavari, PharmD, BCPS, BCIDP, AAHIVP is an Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseases at Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy.

Akkermansia muciniphila: The Beneficial Gut Bacterium You Need to Know About

May 2, 2023

The human body is a complex ecosystem of cells, tissues, and microorganisms, with trillions of bacteria residing in the gut alone. These microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining the health of the human body, and their importance is increasingly being recognized in the scientific community. Among these microorganisms, one bacterium that has recently garnered attention for its beneficial effects on human health is Akkermansia muciniphila.

A. muciniphila is a mucus-degrading bacterium that feeds on the glycoproteins, or mucins, which form a protective layer in the intestinal tract. Mucins are secreted in large amounts in the gut, providing a continuous source of carbon, energy, and nitrogen for the gut microbiota. A. muciniphila type strain MucT is highly abundant in healthy adults.

Research has shown that A. muciniphila is involved in various metabolic functions, and its abundance is affected by diet and medications. For instance, caloric restriction and starvation have been shown to increase the abundance of A. muciniphila in the gut (one reason that intermittent fasting is beneficial). Furthermore, the anti-diabetic drug, metformin, can stimulate the growth of A. muciniphila. Metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases, have been associated with a reduction in the abundance of Akkermansia spp. in rodent and human studies.

A. muciniphila has been linked to other conditions as well. In rodent and human studies, A. muciniphila has been linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Some discrepencies also exist in the literature. For example, correlation studies have shown higher amounts of A. muciniphila in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, yet the bacterium has been shown to improve cognitive function in mouse models of the disease.

In addition, A. muciniphila has been shown to be a propionate producer in the presence of vitamin B12, which has important implications for gut health. Even dead (i.e., pasteurized) A. muciniphila MucT has been shown to have beneficial effects on host health. Research has shown that live or pasteurized A. muciniphila MucT can improve several cardiometabolic risk factors, including insulin resistance, without increasing circulating levels of GLP1 nor affecting DPP4 activity, an enzyme involved in the degradation of GLP1. A. muciniphila supplementation has also been shown to prevent the natural deterioration of parameters associated with metabolic syndrome in untreated patients.

While A. muciniphila shows great promise as a therapeutic target, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and how to optimize its use. Nonetheless, it is clear that this bacterium is an important player in gut health and has the potential to improve the health of those suffering from metabolic disorders and other conditions.

Reference: Cani PD, Depommier C, Derrien M, Everard A, de Vos WM. Akkermansia muciniphila: paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Oct;19(10):625-637. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00631-9

Pendulum: https://pendulumlife.com/#featured-products

Alireza FakhriRavari, PharmD, BCPS, BCIDP, AAHIVP is an Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseases at Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy.

Pendulum Akkermansia For Gut Health

Influenza Activity in 2023 (Week 1)

January 17, 2023

This influenza season activity started aggressively in October 2022 with positivity rates passing 5% of tested specimens in October and peaking over 25% in December. Fortunately, the rates are starting to decline rapidly in 2023. Whether the positivity rate continues to decline is questionable given that children are back to school now after the holidays break and social gatherings will increase throughout February due to football and Valentine’s day. And a late influenza B wave is still possible.

This influenza season seemed very concerning at the beginning due to much earlier peak of the cumulative rate of hospitalization compared to previous influenza seasons over the last decade. However, given that the rate of positivity is declining rapidly, it is likely that hospitalization rate will plateau and even decline over the next couple of weeks as long as the positivity rate continues to decline.

CDC estimates that, so far this season, there have been at least 24 million illnesses, 260,000 hospitalizations, and 16,000 deaths from influenza. Now, the good news is that the circulating influenza viruses seem to match the current influenza vaccines. Circulating influenza vaccines consisted of 98.6% influenza A and only 1.4% influenza B. Of influenza A viruses detected and subtyped during week 1, 77% were influenza A(H3N2) and 23% were influenza A(H1N1). Subclade 3C.2a1b, subgroup 2a.2 made up 99.9% of H3N2 subtype, and subclade 6B.1A, subgroup 5a.2 made up 98.6% of H1N1 subtype. The majority of influenza viruses tested are in the same genetic subclade as and antigenically similar to the influenza viruses included in this season’s influenza vaccine.

An annual influenza vaccine is the best way to protect against flu. Vaccination helps prevent infection and can also prevent serious outcomes in people who get vaccinated but still get sick with flu. CDC recommends that everyone ages 6 months and older without contraindications get an annual influenza vaccine as long as flu activity continues.

See more details at: https://youtu.be/Q3Gknp4Xpe4

Alireza FakhriRavari, PharmD, BCPS, BCIDP, AAHIVP is an Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseases at Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy.